20–25% of the AP exam. Key topics: Introduction to African American Studies as an academic discipline, Diversity of African populations, languages, and cultural groups, Major West African kingdoms: Ghana, Mali, Songhai — trade networks, governance, and global reach, Indigenous African cosmologies, spiritual traditions, and intellectual traditions, Sub-Saharan and East African societies, Global Africans: African presence in Europe, Asia, and the Americas before the transatlantic slave trade, Origins and early mechanisms of the transatlantic slave trade, Establishment of early diasporic African communities in the Americas, Key figures and sources: Mansa Musa, Ibn Battuta accounts, kingdom-era cartographic sources.
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