13–18% of the AP exam. Key topics: Electoral system types: plurality/FPTP, proportional representation, mixed-member systems, One-party, dominant-party, two-party, and multiparty party system configurations, Political party roles: aggregating interests, recruiting candidates, organizing government, Interest groups, pressure groups, and their access channels, Social movements and contentious politics, Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and their political roles, Role of media: state-controlled, independent, and social media, Mexico's transition from PRI dominance to multiparty competition and MORENA's rise, UK's FPTP system and its effect on party competition, Russia's managed pluralism and United Russia's dominant-party role.
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