25–35% of the AP exam. Key topics: Boolean expressions using &&, ||, and !, De Morgan's Laws, if / else if / else branching, Nested conditionals, while loops and loop termination conditions, for loops and loop control variables, Infinite loop detection and prevention, String traversal using index-based loops with substring() and charAt(), Nested loops and their output patterns, Compound assignment operators: +=, -=, *=, Comparing loop structures for efficiency and clarity.
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