10–15% of the AP exam. Key topics: Luther and the Protestant Reformation: 95 Theses, justification by faith, Diet of Worms, Lutheranism: spread in the Holy Roman Empire, role of German princes, Calvinism: predestination, theocratic governance in Geneva, Anabaptists and radical reform movements, English Reformation: Henry VIII, Act of Supremacy, break with Rome, Catholic/Counter-Reformation: Council of Trent, Jesuit order (Ignatius of Loyola), French Wars of Religion: Huguenots, St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Edict of Nantes, Thirty Years' War: causes, phases (Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French), devastation, Peace of Westphalia (1648): state sovereignty, religious settlement, end of religious wars.
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