10–15% of the AP exam. Key topics: Causes of the French Revolution: fiscal crisis, Estates-General, Enlightenment ideas, social inequality, Phases of the Revolution: constitutional monarchy (1789–1792), radical/Jacobin phase and the Terror (1793–1794), Thermidorian Reaction, Key revolutionary events: storming of the Bastille, Declaration of the Rights of Man, Women's March on Versailles, Napoleon Bonaparte: rise to power, First Consul, Emperor, Napoleonic reforms: Napoleonic Code, concordat with the Church, meritocratic bureaucracy, public education, Napoleonic Wars: Continental System, Grand Army, invasion of Russia, defeat and exile, Congress of Vienna (1814–1815): balance of power, legitimacy, Concert of Europe, Conservatism vs. liberalism as ideological responses to the Revolution, Nationalism as an emergent force unleashed by revolutionary and Napoleonic armies.
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