10–17% of the AP exam. Key topics: Western expansion: Homestead Act, transcontinental railroad, Plains Wars, Destruction of the buffalo and Native American displacement (Dawes Act, 1887), Industrialization and rise of big business (Carnegie, Rockefeller, vertical/horizontal integration), Gilded Age capitalism: trusts, monopolies, and laissez-faire ideology, New immigration (Southern and Eastern Europe) vs. old immigration patterns, Urbanization and settlement houses (Jane Addams, Hull House), Labor movement: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor (Gompers), Major labor conflicts (Homestead Strike, Pullman Strike), Populist movement: Farmers' Alliance, People's Party, free silver debate, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), and disenfranchisement, Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. Du Bois debate on racial advancement.
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