8–10% of the AP exam. Key topics: Song and Yuan dynasty governance and Confucian bureaucracy, Dar al-Islam: Abbasid Caliphate and Delhi Sultanate administrative structures, South and Southeast Asian kingdoms and Hindu-Buddhist cultural exchange, Americas: Aztec (Mexica) and Inca imperial organization, African states: Mali Empire and Great Zimbabwe, European feudalism and Christian political authority, Comparison of state-building strategies across regions c. 1200–1450, Role of religion in legitimizing political authority, SPICE-T thematic framework applied to pre-1450 societies.
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