10–15% of the AP exam. Key topics: Defining Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM): restoring force proportional to displacement, The SHM differential equation: d²x/dt² = −ω²x, General solution: x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ), Period and frequency for a mass-spring system: T = 2π√(m/k), Period and frequency for a simple pendulum: T = 2π√(L/g) (small-angle approximation), Velocity and acceleration as functions of time in SHM, Energy of SHM: total mechanical energy E = ½kA² = ½mv²_max; KE-PE exchange, Physical pendulums: T = 2π√(I/mgd); requires moment of inertia.
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