8–11% of the AP exam. Key topics: Elements essential for carbon-based life, Properties of water: cohesion, adhesion, specific heat, polarity, hydrogen bonding, Biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids — structure and function, Enzyme structure: active site, substrate specificity, activation energy, Factors affecting enzyme activity: temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors, Free energy and thermodynamics: Gibbs free energy (ΔG), endergonic vs. exergonic reactions, ATP as biological energy currency.
Study guide content for this unit is being prepared. Check back soon for complete lesson notes, formula sheets, and worked examples.
