10–15% of the AP exam. Key topics: Properties of conductors in electrostatic equilibrium (E = 0 inside, field perpendicular to surface, charge on surface), Capacitance definition: C = Q/V, Parallel-plate capacitor: C = ε₀A/d, derived from Gauss's Law and potential difference, Cylindrical and spherical capacitor derivations using Gauss's Law, Dielectric materials: dielectric constant κ, effect on C, E, and V at constant charge vs. constant voltage, Energy stored in a capacitor: U = Q²/2C = CV²/2 = QV/2, Capacitors in series and parallel: equivalent capacitance, Cavity shielding: field and potential inside a conductor enclosure.
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