10–20% of the AP exam. Key topics: Magnetic flux: Φ_B = ∫B · dA, Faraday's Law: EMF = –dΦ_B/dt, Lenz's Law: direction of induced current opposes the change in flux, Motional EMF: EMF = BLv (and generalisation to non-uniform fields via integration), Induced electric fields from time-varying magnetic flux (∮E · dL = –dΦ_B/dt), Self-inductance: L = NΦ/I; induced EMF = –L(dI/dt), Mutual inductance (qualitative and quantitative definition), Energy stored in an inductor: U = LI²/2, LR circuit time-domain behavior: I(t) = (EMF/R)(1 – e^(–Rt/L)); time constant τ = L/R, LC circuit oscillations: analogy to SHM, angular frequency ω = 1/√(LC), Maxwell's equations in integral form: Gauss's Law (E and B), Ampère-Maxwell Law (with displacement current), Faraday's Law, Displacement current concept: ∂Φ_E/∂t term in Ampère-Maxwell Law.
Study guide content for this unit is being prepared. Check back soon for complete lesson notes, formula sheets, and worked examples.
